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Infants are frequently allergic to cow’s milk. Some of them can tolerate goat’s milk, while others need milk-free formulas in which the protein is furnished by soybeans, meat, or casein hydrolysate. The tolerance to milk often improves as the child grows older.

Building on the elimination diet
When the offending foods have been identified, the simplest treatment is to avoid those foods. This is not difficult when such foods as strawberries or chocolate are the allergens. Because of the wide occurrence of milk, eggs, and wheat in many foods, it is much more difficult to plan a diet that will avoid recurrences.
Let us suppose that a patient remained symptom-free on a given elimination diet. Then, all foods on that diet become the starting point for building the diet. Cautiously, one food at a time is added to the diet, and the patient’s reactions are observed for a few days. If the added food provokes no reaction, it is added to the list of the foods allowed, and another food is tested in the same way.

Hyposensitization
When an important food such as milk or wheat is producing symptoms, hyposensitization (also known as desensitization) is practical. It consists in giving the patient minute amounts of the offending substance. For example, a drop of milk might be diluted in a pint of water, and a few drops of this dilution fed once a day. If there is no reaction after a few days, the patient is given a slightly greater amount of the dilution. If reactions do occur, it is necessary to move back to an amount that does not produce symptoms. Because additions must be made so gradually, the hyposensitization requires weeks, months, or even longer.
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Few can disagree that, regardless of your starting point, a well-rounded, high-quality and consistent skin care regime is the most crucial factor in achieving and maintaining the skin of your dreams. Your genes might have predetermined your skin type, but that doesn’t mean that you have to live with skin that is less than flawless.
Admittedly, devising and ultimately slicking to the ideal skin care regime is a pretty tall order. We live in a time when newness is valued above all else, relegating today’s hot property into tomorrow’s old news, often long before you’ve had a chance to get to know what it was all about. The skin care scene has also drastically changed; classics Iike cleansers and toners have been joined by a multitude of products that claim to exfoliate, purify, detoxify, lighten and even amplify. Sometimes a single product professes to do all of these things on its own! Factor in the countless skin care brands crowding department store shelves, all claiming to be the latest and greatest beauty innovation, and it becomes easy to see how such confusion can arise.
It doesn’t have to be this way. Buying mounds of products that don’t deliver on their promises doesn’t have to be an accepted occurrence. Neither should perpetual confusion over what types of products will produce the best results for your specific skin type. The last twenty years have brought about significant advances in the skin care industry and – surprise, surprise – a lot of them actually come through on their claims. Narrowing it all down is a matter of being informed on what it actually works and what is just selling a pipe dream.
If I were to peek in my patients’ medicine cabinets, I’m sure I’d be greeted with enough skin care products to moisturise a small foreign nation. Yet, I know that a lot of women are still searching for that magical product that truly works. (I know this because I hear it constantly in my practice.) While I don’t think there is such a thing as a magic elixir – ageing is inevitable, after all – I do believe that preventing flaws is far easier than fixing them; By this I mean that it’s crucial to select skin care products based on basic enter id, such as ingredients that are proven to improve the skin, properly assessing the condition of your skin, your goals, and what is within the realm of realistic expectations. It you are in your 3Us, maybe it’s time to stop wishing for the skin of a teenager.
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A condition of the skin of which blackheads and pimples are the significant signs. It occurs most often in boys and girls between ages 12 and 25. Specialists in conditions affecting the skin relate the acne to the constitutional structure of the person, causing his skin to secrete much oil, also to secondary infections by germs, the eating of large amounts of sugars, and occasional disturbances of the secretions of the glands, especially the sex glands. Sometimes the taking of certain drugs produces acne, as is particularly the case with iodine. Various kinds of acne are defined, the most common being acne vulgaris, which merely means the common kind of acne.
Successful treatment depends on determining definitely the nature of the condition and on encouraging the function of the skin, through perspiration, and stretching aided often by some light or ultraviolet rays. The spots of infection at the blackheads may be removed, and the doctor prescribes ointments, pastes or lotions which will cause mild peeling of the skin. The sugars in the diet are restricted, and if special hormones are needed they also are prescribed by the doctor. Since outbursts of acne follow mental excitement, it is well to practice good psychotherapy in such cases.
*9/318/5*

Frequently the skin becomes irritated due to excessive perspiration after exposure to heat. Wearing excessive clothing in hot weather is a contributing cause. The inflammation occurs most often in the folds of the skin about the neck, and under the breasts, but occasionally also on the chest and back and between the thighs.
The reddened skin develops little tiny, transparent blisters filled with a clear fluid. The itching and burning may be severe. Prevention of contact of the surfaces of the skin will give the inflamed area a chance to heal.
As recovery from the irritation occurs the dead skin may peel away. The greatest danger arises, however, from too much treatment, which increases the inflammation and gives opportunity for pus germs to invade.
The utmost cleanliness is important in all irritations of the skin, because damaged tissue gives opening to dangerous germs. The inflamed area may be washed with warm water and a bland soap, then dried carefully by patting without rubbing and powdered with a suitable powder. The physician will often prescribe a soothing lotion, like calamine lotion.
*3/318/5*

Врачу совместно с пациентом следует разрабатывать программу предупреждения приступа, цель которой состоит в обеспечении максимального контроля над болезнью, причём используемые на этой стадии медикаменты (применяемые, кстати, в ограниченном количестве) должны быть очень слабыми, с минимальными побочными действиями. Найти индивидуальный набор лекарств – дело кропотливое, напоминающее подбор очков. В случаях с астмой правило «одно лекарство будет полезно всем» не действует. Первое, выписанное больному лекарство, может вызвать неприятные ощущения, но не нужно волноваться и отчаиваться. Снова посоветуйтесь с врачом, доверьтесь ему, расскажите о своём самочувствии, о переживаниях, и он поможет найти оптимальный набор медикаментов. Не удивляйтесь побочным эффектам – многие люди научились со временем просто не замечать их.
Самый эффективный способ контролировать астму – это принимать медикаменты.
Подразделяются они на пять основных групп: бета-адреномиметические бронходиляторы, кромолин-натрий, кортикостероиды, теофиллин и антихолиномиметические средства.
Лечение аллергии, лежащей в основе астмы, осуществляется несколькими методами. Некоторые из них более действенны, другие – менее, всё зависит от силы заболевания.
Лечение без врачебного вмешательства
Прежде чем отправиться к аллергологу, многие больные какое-то время сначала пользуются подручными средствами. Не требуется рецептов для покупки таких общедоступных лекарств как актифед, хлортриметон или судафед, которые в изобилии есть в аптеках и супермаркетах.
Что и говорить, для временного снятия симптомов эти медикаменты вполне подходят, но у многих они вызывают побочные эффекты, например сонливость и частичную потерю зрения. Что же касается средств для снятия закупорки носа, то у людей, страдающих сенной лихорадкой, они дают обратный эффект – закупоривают кровеносные сосуды. И самое главное, когда действие препарата заканчивается, симптомы становятся гораздо сильнее, в ответ на аллерген вырабатывается ещё больше слизи. И как только аллергик начинает понимать, что лекарственный ширпотреб наносит ему вред, он отправляется к врачу. Разумеется, есть люди, у которых аллергия носит сезонный характер, да и длится недолго, и они долгое время могут обходиться без специальной помощи.
Лечение медикаментами.
Многим пациентам, страдающим сенной лихорадкой, врачи выписывают терфенадин (продаётся под торговой маркой «селдан»), наиболее популярный из всех антигистаминов. Препарат этот неплохой, у многих он успешно снимает аллергические симптомы и при этом не вызывает сонливости.
Препараты на основе кромолина-натрия, такие как насалкром (лекарство, закапываемое в нос) и оптикром (для глаз), также эффективны для предотвращения аллергических симптомов. Принимают их профилактически, до возникновения аллергической реакции, и многим астматикам они помогают. Оба препарата имеют одинаковое действие – они не дают тучным клеткам выбрасывать в организм гистамины в ответ на попадание в него аллергена.
У медикаментов на основе кромолина только один недостаток: их бесполезно принимать, когда симптомы уже проявляются. Строго говоря, это профилактические средства, эффективность которых определяется длительностью приёма. Чем дольше человек их принимает (по нескольку раз в день), тем выше возможность избежать аллергических симптомов.
Многие врачи выписывают аллергикам также аэрозоли стероидов (для носа). Такие аэрозоли, как, например, бекламетазон дипропионат (продаётся под торговой маркой «беконаз» и «ванценаз»), а также бекламетазон дипропионат моногидрат («беконаз AQ» и «ванценаз AQ»). Они растворяют слизь или уменьшают её выделение, снимают воспаление тканей и опухоли. Данные медикаменты на основе стероидов очень действенны и, поскольку принимаются в виде аэрозолей, а не таблеток, т.е. в двадцать раз слабее их, почти не имеют побочных эффектов. Поскольку вдыхаемые стероиды сразу попадают в забитые бронхи, они практически не влияют на работу надпочечных желез, поэтому и не дают побочных эффектов.
Специфическое лечение (иммунотерапия).
Иммунотерапия имеет и другие названия, но суть её остается неизменной. Это методика понижения восприимчивости организма. Иммунология не лечит астму, но некоторые люди с её помощью освобождаются от необходимости долгое время принимать горы лекарств. Иммунология разделила и врачей, и пациентов на два лагеря: одни на все лады хвалят её, другие считают бесполезной.
После проведения аллерготестов методом врачи, как правило, прописывает пациенту курс иммунотерапии. В период проведения иммунотерапии дополнительно принимать никаких лекарств не нужно. Научная подоплёка этого лечения состоит в следующем: после того как пациенту в течение недели вводят в небольших дозах вещество (или несколько), к которым он аллергичен, уровни ИгЕ антител к данному аллергену понижаются, у пациента ослабляется восприимчивость к аллергену.
Если лечение проходит успешно, то человек, страдающий астмой, скажем, на травяную пыльцу, находясь вблизи свежескошенной травы, уже не будет испытывать резких неприятных ощущений. Кстати, лучше всего метод иммунотерапии справляется именно с аллергией на пыльцу и пыль.
Для того чтобы иммунология была стопроцентно эффективной, пациенту необходимо пройти длительный курс лечения. Длится он порой годами, обычный срок – три-пять лет. Аллергические симптомы, как правило, пропадают через один-два года, но как только пациент перестаёт принимать лекарство, возникает опасность их возврата.
Нельзя сказать, что иммунотерапия подходит всем астматикам без исключения. Однако тем, у кого приступы астмы определённо вызываются аллергией, иммунотерапия помогает однозначно.
Проконсультируйтесь у аллерголога. Если он сможет точно выяснить, что конкретно вызывает аллергию, то иммунотерапия определённо пойдёт на пользу. Особенно иммунотерапия поможет тем, кто не может избежать воздействия аллергенов, у кого аллергия не подавляется медикаментами и у кого астматические приступы носят затяжной характер, т.е. длятся неделю и больше. Как правило, лечение методом иммунотерапии продолжается три-пять лет и в течение этого срока состояние пациента медленно, но стабильно улучшается.
В настоящее время, усилия аллергологов, да и не только их, направлены на то, чтобы диагностировать аллергию у пациента на самой ранней стадии заболевания астмой. Раньше основным методом выявления аллергии были обычные аллерготесты. Теперь же, врачи советуют использовать аллерготесты только как инструмент для получения подтверждения наличия у пациента аллергии, а ставить диагноз исключительно на основании истории болезни и наличия симптомов.
«При правильно проводимой методике аллерготесты могут быть вполне надёжным средством диагностирования аллергии как причины астмы, – говорят врачи и преподаватели медицинского факультета Вашингтонского университета. – Однако для точной постановки диагноза недостаточно чего-то одного – ни РАСТа, ни даже прокалывания кожи. Каким бы современным методом мы ни пользовались, полагаться только на один метод никак нельзя, – уверяют врачи и добавляют, — на сегодняшний день нет такого универсального метода, который дал бы возможность безошибочно диагностировать наличие или отсутствие аллергии при заболевании астмой». В чём причина? Несмотря на то, что при проведении анализов с прокалыванием кожи официально разрешено использовать несколько сотен аллергенов, на практике их число ограничивается пятью десятками, не больше. Правда, есть врачи, которые используют до трёхсот аллергенов, но такая сложная, длительная, дорогостоящая и, главное, изматывающая для пациента процедура в большинстве случаев не очень-то нужна.
Человеку свойственно не любить лекарства, любой здоровый человек всегда избегает их, поэтому Анна Нежина даже аспирин принимала нечасто. Однако, когда у неё диагностировали астму, она сразу начала пить лекарства и вскоре почувствовала себя лучше. То же самое, могут сказать и другие астматики. «У меня астма, но она меня больше не пугает», — говорит Рита Морозова. Астму у Морозовой вызывают пыль и пыльца, поэтому, чтобы не испытывать приступы астмы, она следует жёсткому графику. Встаёт в пять утра, принимает лекарства, а затем снова ложится спать. В полдень и вечером, перед сном, она также пьёт лекарства. «Для меня астма – всего лишь предмет, который я должна хорошо знать и научиться держать в руках, – говорит Рита. – И в этом, мне здорово помогают лекарства, без них я бы не смогла нормально жить».

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There have been two surveys to find out what people with MS thought about evening primrose oil. One was carried out by Bio-Oil Research Ltd., who manufactures Naudicelle. The other was conducted by ARMS (Action for Research into Multiple Sclerosis).
In the Bio-Oil Research survey 480 MS sufferers took part. Sixty-five per cent felt there had been some improvement in their condition. Forty-three per cent said there had been a stabilization of their condition – they had got no better, and they had got no worse. Twenty-two per cent said there had been fewer and less severe attacks. Twenty per cent said certain symptoms had been alleviated. Thirteen per cent reported an improvement in general health. People in the ‘some improvement’ category mentioned the following benefits:
•   Increased mobility
•   Increased walking ability
•   Reduced spasm or tremor
•   Improved bladder function
•   Improved eyesight
•   Improved condition of hair and skin
•   Relief of constipation
•   Improvement in wound healing
•   Regaining correct weight
•   Heavy periods returned to normal
Note: The improved group contained a significantly higher proportion of MS patients who had been diagnosed within the preceding four years.
In the ARMS survey, out of 177 completed questionnaires, 127 said they had improved, 33 reported no change, and 17 felt that their symptoms became worse.
Even though these surveys have no scientific standing, and all the answers are based only on the subjective opinion of the MS sufferer who filled in the questionnaire, the results are nevertheless extremely encouraging.
ARMS members were also asked how long they had been taking evening primrose oil. The answers showed that improvements increased when they had been taking the capsules for more than four months. Beneficial effects appeared as follows:
Under 4 months                35%
4 months to 1 year            73%
1 to 2 years                       73%
2 to 3 years                       82%
(At the time of the survey, very few members had been on Naudicelle for longer than .three years.) Of the people who returned the completed questionnaires, 141 were also on some kind of diet. The results showed that the people who were exercising some control over their diet (i.e. less saturated fat etc.) had better results with the evening primrose oil.
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One of a hundred possible strains of Rhinovirus causes the common cold. There is no cure for a cold or an effective vaccine in the pipeline. With treatment a cold lasts for seven days. Without treatment a cold persists for one week.
Home Remedies
In the absence of a cure for the common cold the aim of treatment relates to symptomatic relief. Over the counter cold cocktails are frankly – dangerous. Most contain aspirin, an antihistamine, perhaps Sudafed and Codeine like cough suppressant. The antihistamine acts for twelve hours. The aspirin acts for four hours. To get sufficient aspirin every four hours, it becomes necessary to overdose on the antihistamine by a factor of three times. There in lies the danger.
It is far better to manage the symptoms of a cold as they arise. Rest and a high fluid intake in the form of hot fruit juice are desirable. For fever, aches and pains, paracetamol is preferable to aspirin. Aspirin causes gastric bleeding and is dangerous in children. A cough can be controlled by adding Codeine cough linctus to the treatment every four hours.
A running nose is best tackled by Sudafed through the day, because Sudafed is a stimulant and an antihistamine at bed time (antihistamines are sedatives). One smart drug company has produced Demazin which contains both an antihistamine and a Sudafed-like stimulant.
*32/131/5*

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There is age discrimination in the workplace. But an astonishing one-third to one-quarter of all people go back to work at least for some time after they have formally retired. Most of them take jobs in their previous fields. But some find fulfillment in a completely new occupation or in one they may have been trained for but have hardly worked in at all.
Not all companies practice age discrimination; some even give preference to older workers or retirees. At a recent job fair for older people sponsored by the New York City Department for the Aging, this was evident. The seventy-five exhibitors-banks, retail stores, publishers, and practically every service industry – were spending time and money to seek out people over sixty. Some of our nation’s largest, most highly respected corporations have the reputation of looking favorably on hiring older people – Atlantic Richfield, IBM, AT&T, American Express, Burger King, McDonald’s, General Electric, Polaroid, and every major insurance company.
This is not to say that finding a satisfying paying job after retirement is easy. It can take a good deal of searching, and it may mean making compromises. Decide which compromises are tolerable and which are unacceptable. Luckily, at this time of life you may have less rigid requirements for a job than you had at twenty-five.
If, like many retirees who want to return to work, you would prefer a part-time job, the first place to consider is your former company. Ask if you can return as a consultant or work during the busy season when your firm needs extra hands. Being a known quantity, you are likely to have an edge in being hired. Your employer will not have the headache of training you, and you will not have the trauma of adjusting to a new place. (This advice applies only if you were happy there!)
Or consider going into your former field on a smaller scale. If you had an antique shop, could you sell antiques out of a room in your home? Perhaps you could rent part of a warehouse to store your products. If you were an executive secretary, could you free-lance? Call some small neighborhood businesses and tell them you are available to do typing at home. Argue your virtues with their pocketbook in mind: ‘ ‘Wouldn’t it be wonderful to hire someone with years of experience who could also save your company money by working out of her home?”
If neither returning to your old company nor becoming self-employed is feasible, you must muster the courage to tackle a job search. Job specialists at the New York City Department for the Aging advise concentrating your efforts on these two fronts: combing the want ads and telling everyone you are looking for work. In their experience, these avenues are more productive than visiting employment agencies. Another approach they find surprisingly effective is to call places “cold.” If you want a job as a legal secretary, look up lawyers in the Yellow Pages. Start with Aardvark and Jones and work your way down. Try to bypass personnel departments – ask for Mr. Aardvark himself. (The worst that can happen is they tell you he died in 1945.) Expect rebuffs, and forge ahead. Spend time. “Finding a job is a job itself” applies doubly today.
Use a schedule to organize yourself. Consider yourself self-employed in the occupation “job searcher.” Schedule your day in the same way you would if you were genuinely self-employed: “From 9:00 to 11:00 A.M. each day, I’ll look through the want ads and call prospects. I must visit five agencies within the next three weeks.” “There are four people I think may be helpful. My deadline for calling them is April 1.”
Use a similar strategy when you “network,” or ask people you know for help. Instead of saying, “Do me a favor – I need work desperately,” and then waiting by the phone, give the person a deadline: “I would appreciate your telling Mr. Jones about me. I’ll call you back on Friday to find out what he says.” If people know you will be calling them again by a certain date, they are more likely to follow through.
Search intelligently, taking your “maturity” into account. Concentrate on industries and companies that are age friendly. Your state labor department may have a “mature worker,” unit with these listings. Or find out if your area has a private agency that specializes in placing older employees. Your local office for the aging may operate an employment service, offering workshops in job-finding skills as well as training and placement services. (Unfortunately, these services are often restricted to low-income elderly.) Your local library, churches, or YMCA may also offer job counseling. Community colleges are another good source. Their career counseling centers are sometimes open to anyone in the community, not just students.
If you have sought out an employer who is looking for a ”mature worker,” the age issue is not there. Generally, however, you will not be interviewing for a position that is preselected in this way.
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GENERAL HEALTH
Courses in painting or writing or drama are easy to find. However, here too distinct advantages arise from searching out a program specifically for older people. By aligning yourself with an older artists’ group, you become a valued commodity. What your group does may be more in demand than if you joined an age-integrated group. If you want to translate what you learn into a second vocation – to exhibit, publish, or perform your work – unexpected doors can open when you capitalize on your creativity and your age.
For instance, at the Jewish Association for Services for the Aged, a philanthropic organization serving older people in the New York area, drama specialists Howard Phlanzer and Susan Miller formed an older adults’ theater ensemble by recruiting members from the organization’s network of affiliated senior citizens’ groups. Some members who passed the audition were in their late eighties. Many had had to abandon a lifelong interest in drama during their working careers. With the help of a historian from Columbia University, the group members wrote a theater piece about their personal experiences – what it was like to be children of immigrants growing up in New York at the turn of the century. Their play aroused the interest of people at the Jewish Museum of the City of New York, and they staged it there to high praise.
Some of the people in this group had attended drama classes at area universities but found they did not offer enough chance to meet people or to perform. Being labeled older gives this group and the many other artistic groups specifically for people over sixty, special opportunities for public access.
Programs to help, encourage and train older artists dot the country. To find out what is offered in your community, call or write the state arts council in your state. State arts councils have information about all arts activities including those specifically for people over sixty. And that marvelous general resource – your local office for the aging – should be able to offer you information in this area too.
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GENERAL HEALTH

Here are some reasons why parents and children often find themselves involved in a struggle about sleep:

1. Resisting going to bed and waking during the night are so common in the toddler and preschool age groups that they should be considered perfectly normal developmental behaviours.

2. One of the developmental tasks of the toddler is to engage in a power struggle with his parents. This includes struggles around bedtime and sleep habits. Toddlers seem to be constantly engaged in testing the limits, in pressing parents’ buttons.

3. All parents are more vulnerable in the middle of the night, so the best laid plans inevitably come unstuck. What seems a perfectly reasonable strategy when discussed during the day doesn’t seem nearly so practical in the middle of the night. Many parents take the easy option. Rather than fight with their tough, indefatigable toddler, they find it is easier to give in and let him get into their bed. One can always start the plan the next night.

4. There is very often disagreement between the parents about the best way to handle the problem, and a lot of blaming as well. Any management strategy for sleep problems has no chance of success until both parents agree that there is a problem, that now is the time to do something about it, and that the strategy they agree on initially needs to be implemented with equal commitment by both of them. Many professionals insist on seeing both parents when working out a management plan for sleep problems and other behaviour problems.

is a reflection of their competence as parents — ‘If I were a good parent, then my child would not have sleep problems’. One of the essential first tasks is to understand that this is simply not so. In any struggle with a toddler, the toddler will always win unless the parents have a consistent strategy. Winning strategies are surprisingly easy to learn — many parents initially think them too simple to have any chance to be effective — but they are more difficult to implement. This is discussed also in the section on management of behaviour problems.

Some of the techniques described below may seem drastic or even cruel. Parents should be reassured that they have been used successfully all over the world with countless youngsters with no untoward effects. Some parents who initially seek help decide not to persist with these suggestions once they know the details, either because they feel they are too harsh, or because they do not want to put in the time and effort and especially the persistence that are essential for the strategy to work, or because they decide that the sleep problems are not such a great problem after all. The strategies suggested here may not be needed for a child who has occasional sleep problems. In these instances the parents may be happy to tolerate some inconvenience. They are particularly relevant for problems that are severe and longstanding, and where parents really do want to put a stop to them.

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